These are all handy conjectures, but largely useless in practice. I've had no problem gaming and streaming at both 1080p and 1440p at high refresh rates. Yes, the 12400 is a bottleneck, it's just not one that is relevant to anything I do nor have I experienced any noticeable bottlenecking in use. As I said, I will eventually deal with it, but as I am about to demonstrate, it is not the current issue.
I've done several more tests since the last post (I'm not going to bother posting the logs, they're all the same with no errors) and I think that's about all I can handle today. Each test is a 30 minute recording and I listen back to each one until I hear an issue or it ends. I've spent hours on this now, just as I spent hours on it before.
Next thing I changed, still leaving HAGS disabled and OBS set to 60 fps, was switching to the onboard audio. This is not a valid long-term solution as I need a mic to stream and record, but as an experiment, it gives us data. That recording did not seem to have any issues. Because this is not a long-term solution and because I have had the same issue with two other interfaces, one of which was a different brand entirely, and you say you had issues with some sort of sound card (I guess internal, so my next point doesn't apply to you), I wondered if it was just an issue with USB devices generally. Found the USB selective suspend option, disabled that, tested with the Audient again. Same issue. Plugged in a THX Onyx, a small DAC/amp, and tested with that. No issues. I have a DAC/amp from JDS Labs and another from Schiit that I could do further testing with. Then again, it's also possible that I just got lucky or the dropouts only happened in silent portions or some other copium.
This could point to an issue with the Audient driver, which I don't like but is useful data. It does not seem to point to any of the other settings suggested as this is the only change so far that has seemed to make any difference with this particular issue. Still, it is odd that the PreSonus device I tested with years ago also had the issue and that I do not have the same issue using the same WASAPI driver in other programs, which could still potentially suggest an issue on OBS's end with the way it handles certain drivers. I do not know enough about the underlying code to say. The Audient is connected to a USB-C 3.2 port on the back of my computer, so it's unlikely to be a bandwidth issue.
I'll give it some more thought and maybe some more testing with the other DAC/amps to see if any of them have issues. The other difference is that the devices that haven't had issues I also did not have any inputs set up for. That is, I only set up the desktop audio capture, I disabled all other outputs and inputs. I could try them again with inputs enabled or try the Audient with no input set up. I am a very thorough QA and am willing to put in work if it means a bug gets fixed. But not now, that is enough testing for now.