Reproduced the issue again. The log file was 798M and although zipped down to 40M, it was still too large to upload. Since the large majority of the file is repetitious content in the middle, I trimmed out much of the center and am attaching the trimmed version (which still has the header and trailer, and shows a good sample of the middle content).
I summarize by saying that the software was running for about two days - not recording continuously, but intermittently. In most cases, when recording, the recording was stopped by the timer. Sometime after the first full day, every other click to start the timer resumed the problem behavior of an immediate start/stop recording (so that the recording file was truncated at about 262 bytes). No errors shown. I was able to end the program normally (which is the logfile I'm uploading) and restart, at which point recordings resumed normally without the issue again.
I hypothesize that the multiple days program run time (without quitting the OBS app on Windows) has something to do with the issue with the timer and/or recording start behavior.